ENGLISH PHRASAL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR INDONESIAN TRANSLATION IN SPIDER-MAN: INTO THE SPIDER-VERSE MOVIE

Translating an acceptable English subtitle in movies is quite difficult because there are a lot of idiomatic expressions, which cannot be translated literally. One of the idiomatic expressions is English phrasal compounds. This research analyzed the types of English phrasal compounds and the degree of acceptability of the Indonesian translation of the English phrasal compounds in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie. This research aims to know the types of English phrasal compounds found in the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie and the acceptability of the translation of the English phrasal compounds in the Indonesian subtitle. The research was qualitative research and the research used document analysis. In gathering the data, two tables were used to collect the data. The first table was about the types of English phrasal compounds according to Hockett (1958) and the second table was the translation acceptability of English phrasal compounds according to Larson (1984). The researcher found 102 English phrasal compounds. The researcher discovered that phrasal verbs became the most frequent phrasal compounds. There were 97 phrasal verbs (95.1%). The researcher found 5 compound nouns (4.9%). Meanwhile, there was no compound adjective in the movie. Furthermore, the translation of English phrasal compounds into Indonesian was acceptable. All of the one hundred and two (102) translation fulfilled the three criteria of a good translation Spider-Verse movie, subtitle.


Introduction
Subtitle is an important part that cannot be separated from a movie. Sometimes, the language that is used in the movie is various, such as English, France, German and the like. In fact, the audience is not always speaking in the language used in the movie. From this point, the problem comes out. Subtitle emerges as a solution. When the audience does not understand the language, commonly they use a subtitle. Thus, it is important to use an acceptable subtitle. If the subtitle does not have a good translation, there will be a misinterpretation.
Translating an acceptable subtitle from the target language to the source language is quite difficult because idiomatic expressions are often found in movies since movies use daily conversation. The translators of the subtitle will be difficult to translate the idioms when the expressions are hard to understand and the sense is not too clear (Baker, 1992). Idiomatic expressions cannot be translated literally because the sense will sound strange when they are translated to the target language literally. The most important thing of translation is the meaning. It should be translated correctly and acceptably from the source language to the target language (Larson, 1984).
There are several types of Idiomatic expressions. According to Hockett (1958), there are six types of idiomatic expressions. There are substitutes, proper names, abbreviation, English phrasal compounds, figure of speech, and slang. There are several kinds of research about idiomatic expressions used in the movie which were done by Sulistyaningrum (2013). This study only focuses on the English phrasal compounds and their translation in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) movie. The researcher chose Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie because it is the first computer-based animation movie in the Spider-Man franchise. Furthermore, in the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie, the researcher found a lot of English phrasal compounds. There are two research questions. They are (1) What types of English phrasal compounds are found in the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie? and (2) How acceptable is the translation of the English phrasal compounds in the Indonesian subtitle?

Literature Review
According to Hockett (1958), English phrasal compound is one of the six types of idiomatic expression. The compound is a word formed by combining roots and a much smaller category of phrasal words (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002). It has an internal structure but the function is as a word. (Dobrovolsky & O'Grady, 1989) stated that compounds can be found in all major lexical categories, such as nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
prepositionadjective (PA) underfull, overactive Dobrovolsky & O'Grady (1989) state that, in English, the most common type of compound verbs is phrasal verbs. According to Hockett (1958), phrasal verb is a combination of a simple verb and one kind of particles. Because it looks like a phrase rather than a single word, it is called phrasal verb. Even though it looks like a phrase, the function is as a word. McCarthy & O'Dell (2004) give the patterns of phrasal verbs which are illustrated in Table 3. verb + object + adverb particle / verb + adverb particle + object bring a child up / bring up the child 4.
verb + adverbial particle + preposition run out of There are a lot of theories about the definition of translation by experts because each expert has his/her understanding and opinion about it. Munday (2016) said that the term "translation", first appeared in around 1340. According to Newmark (1988) translation is an attempt to replace a written message on one language by the same message in other languages. Larson (1984) states that translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language. Transferring means reproducing the target language message as natural and equivalent as the source language in terms of meaning and style (Nida & Taber, 1969). Basically, translation is a change of meaning and sense from the source language to the target language. According to Larson (1984), there are two main kinds of translation. They are form-based translation and meaning-based translation. The form-based translation or as known as literal translation is a translation that attempts to follow the form of the source language. The meaningbased translation translates the meaning of the source language in the natural forms of the target language. The example of meaning-based translation is idiomatic translation. Jakobson (1959) states that there are three kinds of translation. They are intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic. Intralingual translation or rewording is defined "an interpretation of verbal sign by means of other signs of the same language" (p.233). The examples of this kind are dictionaries, paraphrases and the like. Interlingual translation or translation proper is "an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language" (p.233). The example is the translation between languages. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is defined as "an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign system" (p.233). The examples of this kind of translation are the translation from a movie into a book, a book translated into comics, a video game translated into TV series, and the like. Newmark (1988), states that there are eight methods of translation. The eight methods of translation are shown in Figure 1. According to Newmark (1988), word-for-word translation is a method of translation that translates the source language words individually by their most common meanings and the word-order is preserved. In literal translation, the lexical words are translated singly but the source language grammatical structure are translated to their nearest target language. Faithful translation gives an effort to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the target language. In faithful translation, the cultural words transferred in its translation process. Semantic translation is similar to faithful translation, which focuses on the translation process. They give an effort to reproduce the precise contextual language. What distinguishes the two methods is that semantic translation must focus more on the aesthetic value of the words. Adaptation is the freest form of translation. It is usually used for plays and poetry. In this method, the source language culture is changed to the target language culture. In free translation, the translator does not translate all of the content but only the core of the content. Idiomatic translation reproduces the source language's idioms and changes it to the target language's idioms which have the same messages. Communicative translation translates the exact contextual meaning of the source language that both content and language are acceptable and pay attention to the readership. From Newmark's eight methods of translation, only two methods of translation that fulfill the two main aims of translation, namely accuracy, and economy. They are semantic and communicative translation (Newmark, 1988). Newmark (1988) states that semantic translation follows the thinking processes of the authors. Meanwhile, communicative translation is social,

Word-for-word Translation Adaptation
Literal Translation Free Translation

Faithful Translation Idiomatic Translation
Semantic Translation Communicative Translation focusing on the messages and the main topic of the text. The result is written in a natural style of the target language. There are three criteria of a good translation according to Larson (1984). The three criteria are accurate (A), clear (C), and natural (N). Larson's three criteria of a good translation are described as follows. 1). Accurate Being accurate means that the translator translates the source text correctly. The translated text does not omit or unconsciously add some information that does not really exist in the source text. The meaning of the translated text must be similar to the source text.

2). Clear
Being clear means that the translated text is easy to understand for the readers. As a result, when the readers read the text, they can get the meaning of the text easily and in a correct understanding.

3). Natural
Being natural means that the translated text does not sound strange when the readers read the text. The text has to sound natural. Therefore, when the readers read the text, it will not sound like a product of translation but an original text in the target language. Larson (1984) mentions four degrees of a good translation. They are Ideal Acceptable (I-Acc), Acceptable (Acc), Unacceptable (Un-acc) and Failed (F). When the translated text includes the three criteria, namely Accurate (A), Clear (C), and Natural (N), it is considered to be Ideal-Acceptable (I-Acc). If the translated text fulfills two criteria only, it is considered to be Acceptable (Acc). When the translated text fulfills one criterium only, it is considered to be Unacceptable (Un-Acc). When it does not fulfill any criteria, it is considered to be Failed (F). Subtitle is one of the products of translation (Newmark, 1984). The function of the subtitle is to help the audiences to get the message of the movies. There are two kinds of subtitles. The first is the subtitle that translates what the speaker says in the movie. The second is the subtitle that only shows what the speakers say. The first type is usually used by the audiences who understand the language in the movie and the second type is used by the audiences who do not understand the language. According to Diaz and Remael (2014), subtitling is the practice of translation that presents the text that shows the speakers' dialogue in the movie that displayed at the bottom of the screen. The dialogue of the speakers and the subtitle that is shown at the bottom of the screen should be synchronized. Gottlieb has the same ideas as Diaz and Reamel. Gottlieb (1982) states that subtitling is "written additive, immediate, synchronous, and poly-media translation." Subtitling has to keep the original sound of the source language to the target language, from the spoken to the written form and appears at the bottom of the screen.
Wu Li-Li (2016) classified subtitle into two types. The first one is intralingual and the second is inter-lingual. The subtitle that has the same language as the movie is classified as intra-lingual. The subtitle that has the different language with the movie is classified as inter-lingual. Differently, Jakobson (1952) states that subtitle is classified as intersemiotic translation. Jakobson adds that subtitle is classified as intersemiotic translation because subtitle will change its form, from spoken to written form that appears in the bottom of the screen.
According to Diaz and Reamel (2014), a good subtitle should consider the time, space, and simplicity of the language. This idea is supported by Wu Li-Li. Wu Li-Li (2016) states there are three criteria of a good subtitle. They are time and space restriction, instantaneity, and colloquialism. The time and space restriction is the conspicuous characteristic of a subtitle. The time and space restriction affects and determines the quality and form standard of translation. The subtitle should be limited to two lines and placed in the center at the bottom of the screen. Therefore, each line does not contain more than 35 characters. As a result, the subtitle does not interfere with the image of the movie. The subtitle also must be synchronized with both image and dialogue. Instantaneity means that subtitles cannot be too long because it might affect viewers' understanding and appreciation. It is because the subtitle is a kind of immediate translation. The audience cannot browse it. Colloquialism means that subtitles should be in the form of daily language. The subtitle should be colloquial and life-oriented with an eye-catching and simple expression. It is because the movie is different from other kinds of literature. The movie is inspired by life not only the beauty of art but also the authenticity of life.
Based on the research background, the researchers formulated two research questions: 1. What types of English phrasal compounds are found in the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie? 2. How acceptable is the translation of the English phrasal compounds in the Indonesian subtitle?

Research Method
This research used a qualitative document analysis since the research deals with the translation of the English phrasal compounds and it does not deal with any statistical analysis. Huda (1999) states that qualitative research is the research which does not involve statistical analysis and being constricted to the description of concepts or phenomenon categories. Document analysis method was used since there were two documents used by the researcher, Indonesian and English subtitles of the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie. According to Bowen (2009) document analysis was a type of qualitative research in which document was interpreted by the researcher. Ary, et.al. (2010) elaborates the materials for document analysis could be textbooks, speeches, newspapers, musical compositions, or any of the host of other types of documents.

Source of the Data
The script of Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie became the object of the research. The script of the movie was used by the researcher. The researcher got the movie script from www.subscene.com .

Data Gathering Technique
In gathering the data, two tables were used by the researcher to collect the data. The first table was about the types of English phrasal compounds according to Hockett (1958) and the second table was the translation acceptability of English phrasal compounds according to Larson (1984). The tables of English phrasal compounds and the table of the translation of English phrasal compounds are as follows.

Data Analysis Technique
Several steps were taken by the researcher to analyze the data. The Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie was watched by the researcher in order to get a better understanding of the plot and the context of the movie. Two different subtitles were printed by the researcher, namely Indonesian and English subtitles. The printed document made the analysis easier by highlighting the English phrasal compounds. The highlighted words were classified by the researcher based on the types of the English phrasal compounds by Hockett's (1958) theory. Thus, the classified data were analyzed by the researcher to identify the structure and the pattern based on theory from Carstairs-McCarthy (2002) and McCarthy & O'Dell (2004). The table of the type of English phrasal compounds is as follows. The translation of English phrasal compounds in Indonesian and English was compared by the researcher to see whether the translation was acceptable or not. The degrees of acceptability included ideal acceptable, acceptable, unacceptable, and failed. The table of the degree of translation acceptability according to Larson (1984) is as follows. Table 7 The Degree of Translation Acceptability according to Larson (1984) No.
English Subtitle

Indonesia Subtitle
Larson's Criteria The Degree of Acceptability A C N I-Acc Acc Un-Acc F

Types of English Phrasal Compounds in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse Movie
The theory of English phrasal compound from Hockett (1958) was applied to answer the first research question on the types of English phrasal compounds found in the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie. The list of the classification of the English phrasal compounds was in Appendix A. Table 8 illustrated the findings of the classification of English phrasal compounds.

Compound Nouns
There were four patterns to form compound nouns. They were verb + noun (VN), noun + noun (NN), adjective + noun (An), and preposition + noun (PN). Table 9 showed the frequency and the percentage of compound nouns found in the movie. From the table above, it could be concluded that there were 5 expressions classified as compound nouns found in the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie. The percentage of pattern noun + noun is 80%. Meanwhile, the patterns of adjective + noun got 20%. Furthermore, pattern verb + noun and preposition + noun was not found in the script of the movie.

1) Noun + Noun
The findings showed that pattern noun + noun was the most used of compound noun in the script of the movie. Excerpt 1 and Excerpt 2 showed the use of noun + noun found in the script of the movie.
Excerpt 1 The word "ground", based on the context, means "a basis for belief, action or argument" ("ground"). Meanwhile, the meaning of "work" is "activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a result" ("work"). Therefore, from the context, the word "groundwork" could be concluded as "something that Excerpt from 00:10:02,686 → 00:10:05,230 You know, we layin' down the groundwork right now.

[Saat ini kami sedang melakukan penjajakan]
was done at an early stage and that made later work on progress possible" ("groundwork"). In Excerpt 1, the translator translates the word "groundwork" as "penjajakan".
Excerpt 2 The word "sweat" means "moisture exuded through the pores of the skin, typically in profuse quantities as a reaction to heat, physical exertion, fever or fear" ("sweat"). Meanwhile, the meaning of "pants" is "an outer garment covering each leg separately and usually extending from the waist to the ankle" ("pant"). Therefore, the word "sweatpants" means "pants made from a thick, soft material that is worn mostly when you are exercising" ("sweatpants"). In Excerpt 2, the translator translated "sweatpants" as "celana jogging".

2) Adjective + Noun
From the Table 9 pattern of compound nouns, the pattern of adjective + noun got 20%. It was the only one of pattern adjective + noun found in the script of the movie. Excerpt 3 showed the use of adjective + noun found in the script of the movie.

Excerpt 3
The meaning of "private" based on the context is "provided or owned by an individual or an independent, commercial company rather than the state" ("private"). Meanwhile, the word "eye" itself has two functions as a noun and a verb. Thus, "eye" in Excerpt 3 has a function as a noun. The meaning of "private eye" is "private investigator". The translator translated "private eye" as "detektif swasta".

Phrasal Verb
Based on phrasal verbs found in the movie. According to McCarthy & O'Dell (2004), there were four patterns of the phrasal verb. The four patterns of the phrasal verb were shown in Table 10  From Table 10 pattern verb + adverbial particle was the most commonly used pattern of phrasal verb in the movie script. Meanwhile, pattern verb + preposition was the least percentage of the phrasal verb. The percentage of pattern verb + preposition was not quite different from pattern verb + object + adverbial particle. Pattern verb + preposition got 15.5% and pattern verb + object + adverbial particle got 16.5%. On the other hand, pattern verb + adverbial particle + preposition was not found in the script of the movie.
These were the discussion and several excerpts that use compound nouns from the script of the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie.

1) Verb + Preposition
The data showed that the percentage of verb + preposition from phrasal verbs was 15.5%. Excerpt 4 and Excerpt 5 displayed the use of verb + preposition found in the script of the movie.
Excerpt 4 The verb "counting" is derived from the base verb "count". From the context, the meaning of "count" is "regard or be regarded as possessing a specified quality or fulfilling a specified role" ("count"). Meanwhile, the word "on" has several functions as a noun, adverb, and preposition. In Excerpt 4, the word "on" Excerpt from 00:32:49,927 → 00:32:51,595 They're counting on me.

[Mereka mengandalkanku.]
has a function as a preposition because it needs an object "me" as a complement. Therefore, from the context, "counting on" could be concluded as "to depend on someone to do what you want or expect them to do for you". In Excerpt 4, the translator translated "counting on" as "mengandalkan".
Excerpt 5 In Excerpt 5, the phrase "workin on" was the informal style of "working on". The verb "working" itself is derived from base "work" which has a meaning as "activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a result" ("work"). Meanwhile, in Excerpt 5, the word "on" needs an object. In the content, the object of the word "on" is the word "it". Thus, it could be concluded that the word "on" in Excerpt 5 has a function as a preposition. Therefore, the meaning of "workin out", based on the context, is "a way for saying that you are dealing with something". The translator, in Excerpt 5, translated "workin on" as "sedang kuusahakan".

2) Verb + Adverbial Particle
From the findings, pattern verb + adverbial particle was the most commonly used pattern of phrasal verbs in the movie. The percentage of verb + adverbial particle was 68%. Excerpt 6 and Excerpt 7 displayed the use of verb + adverbial particles found in the movie.
Excerpt 6 The word "stick" has a meaning as "be or remain fixed with its point embedded in something" ("stick"). Meanwhile, the word "around" in Excerpt 6, has a function as an adverbial particle because the word "around" does not need an object as a complement. The meaning of "around" itself has a meaning as "in a circle or in circumference" ("around"). Thus, the meaning of "stick around" is "to If you stick around, I can show you the ropes.

[Jika kau tetap disini, aku bisa tunjukan tali laba-laba.]
The verb "watch" is defined as "look at or observe attentively over a period of time" ("watch"). Meanwhile, because the word "out" does not need an object complement, it has a function as an adverbial particle. Therefore, the word "watch out" has a meaning as "be careful" ("watch out"). In Excerpt 7, the translator translated "watch out" as "awas".

3) Verb + Object + Adverbial Particle
According to O'Dell and McCarthy (2004), there are two possibilities for the placement of the object. The object could be placed between a verb and an adverbial particle (verb + object + adverbial particle). Besides, if the object was a noun phrase, the object was placed after an adverb particle (verb + adverbial particle + object). Excerpt 8 and Excerpt 9 displayed the use of verb + object + adverbial particle found in the movie.
Excerpt 8 The object of the phrase "kick me outta" is "me". Moreover, the object of the phrase placed between a verb and the adverbial particle. Thus, the pattern of the phrase is verb + object + adverbial particle. The verb "kick" itself is defined as "strike or propel forcibly with the foot" ("kick"). Meanwhile, the word "outta" is an informal style of "out". The word "out" itself has a function as an adverbial particle which has a meaning as "moving or appearing to move away from particular place" ("out"). Therefore, it could be concluded that the phrase "kick me outta" has a meaning as "to force someone to leave a place". In Excerpt 8, the translator translated the phrase "kick me outta" as "dikeluarkan". In Excerpt 9, the object of the phrase "blow it up" is placed between a verb "blow" and an adverbial particle "up". The object is a pronoun, "it". Thus, the pattern of the phrase "blow it up" is verb + object + adverbial particle. The verb "blow" is defined as "cause something to move" ("blow"). Meanwhile, the word "up" has a function as an adverbial particle because it does not need an object complement. Therefore, the meaning of the phrase "blow it up" is "if something blows up, or if someone blows something up, it explodes and is destroyed". In Excerpt 9, the translator translated the phrase "blow it up" as "ledakkan".

The Acceptability Degree of the Translation of English Phrasal Compounds in Indonesian Subtitle
This section was to answer the second question on the acceptability of the English phrasal compound translation. To answer this second question, Larson's theory of the degree of translation acceptability (1984) was applied. According to Larson (1984), there were four classifications of the degree of translation acceptability. They were Ideal Acceptable Translation (I-Acc), Acceptable Translation (Acc), Unacceptable Translation (Un-Acc) and Failed Translation (F). There were three criteria that should be fulfilled to classify the degree of acceptability of translation itself. The three criteria were Accurate (A), Clear (C), and Natural (N). Table 11 below shows the classification of the degree of acceptability of English phrasal compounds found in the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse.  Table 11 showed that there were one hundred and two (102) English phrasal compound categorized as ideal acceptable translation. It meant that all the data fulfilled the three criteria of a good translation.
Ideal acceptable translation (I-Acc) could be found in a product of translation that fulfilled the three criteria set by Larson (1984). The three criteria are accurate, clear and natural. Thus, if a product of translation categorized as an ideal acceptable translation, it could be concluded that the meaning of source language was translated correctly. It was easy to understand and it used common words. From Table 11, there were 102 expressions categorized as ideal acceptable translation, or in other words, all of the data were an ideal acceptable translation.  In Figure 2, the word "groundwork" was classified not only as a compound noun but also as an ideal acceptable translation. The translator translated "groundwork" as "penjajakan". It is an ideal acceptable translation because the translation of word "groundwork" into "penjajakan", fulfils the three criteria of an ideal-acceptable translation. It was accurate because the messages in the source language were translated correctly. From the context, the word "groundwork" in the source language has same meaning as the word "penjajakan" in the target language. The meaning is something at an early stage was done and that made later progress possible. The word "groundwork" is also suitable to the context if it is translated into "penjajakan", instead of "dasar". It is clear and easy to understand because people could get the meaning easily of "Saat ini kami sedang lakukan penjajakan" rather than "saat ini kami sedang lakukan dasar". Lastly, it is natural because the word "penjajakan" is a word that is common in the target language.  Figure 3 is the other examples of ideal acceptable translation of English phrasal compounds found in the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie. The translator translated the phrase "watch out" as "awas". It is an ideal acceptable because it is accurate, clear and natural. It is accurate because the meaning of "watch out" and "awas" are "be careful". Meanwhile, it is easy to understand the message when the viewers read the word "awas". Thus, people who speak the target language commonly use the word "awas" as the expression to tell someone to be careful.

Conclusion
One hundred and two (102) English phrasal compounds were found in the Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse movie. Phrasal verb has the highest occurrence. There were 97 phrasal verbs that contained 15 verb phrases of pattern verb + preposition, 66 verb phrases of pattern verb + adverbial particle, and 16 verb phrases of pattern verb + object + adverbial particle. Meanwhile, there were 5 compound nouns that contained 4 noun phrases of pattern verb + noun and 1 noun phrase of pattern adjective + noun. There was no compound adjective found in the movie. Second, there were 102 translations of English phrasal compound categorized as ideal acceptable translation. In other words, all of the data are ideal acceptable translation. It means that the translation in the Indonesian subtitle is a good translation and the subtitle is highly recommended.